1. Power station -
ü Electricity that we use at homes, in our factories, is supplied from a power station.
2. Electric Cell -
ü Electric cell is a source of electricity.
3. Production Of Electricity In a Cell -
ü An electric cell produces a small amount of electricity from chemicals stored inside it. When the chemicals in the electric cells are used up, the electric cells stop producing electricity.
ü All types of electric cells have two terminals, a positive terminal and a negative terminal. In a dry cell used in our homes, the central carbon rod is the positive (+) terminal and the zinc contained is the negative (-) terminal.
4. Battery -
ü When two or more cells are joined together, the combination is called a battery.
5. Bulb -
ü We get light from a thin tiny wire inside the glass cover. This is called filament.
ü It is supported by two thicker wires, as shown in Fig. One of these thick wires is connected to the metal casing around the base of the bulb.
ü The other is connected to the metal tip of the base. The base of the bulb and the metal tip of the base are the two terminals of the bulb.
ü These two terminals are fixed in such a way that they do not touch each other.
ü The inside portion of the bulb is filled up with inert gases, like argon.
6. Circuit -
ü The complete path, from one terminal of the electric cell through the bulb and back to the other terminal of the electric cell, is called a circuit.
ü Open circuit - If there is any gap in the path of a circuit, the bulb does not light up. Such a circuit is called an open circuit.
ü Closed circuit - The bulb lights up only when a bulb and wire form a complete path, which starts at one terminal of electric cell and ends at the other terminal. Such a circuit is called a closed circuit.
ü Flow of current in a circuit - As soon as the path from one terminal of electric cell to the other is completed, an electric current starts flowing through the circuit and the bulb lights up. The electric current flows from the positive terminal of the electric cell to its negative terminal.
ü In the bulb, current enters through one of its terminals, flows through the filament inside the bulb and comes out through the other terminal of the bulb. When the current flows through the filament, it starts glowing.
ü Fused bulb - If the filament of the bulb is broken, the circuit is not corhpleted and hence the current cannot flow. The bulb with broken filament is called a fused bulb. When a bulb gets fused, it does not light up.
ü Electric switch - Electric switch is a simple device that either breaks the circuit or completes it to stop or start the flow of current.
· When the switch completes the circuit, it is called closed switch.
· When the switch breaks the circuit, it is called open switch.
7. Conductors -
ü Materials through which electric current can flow are called conductors.
ü Most metals are conductors.
ü Our body is also a good conductor.
8. Insulators -
ü Materials, through which the electric current cannot pass, are called insulators. In other words, insulators are the bad conductors of electricity.
ü Rubber and wood are insulators.
9. Conduction Tester -
ü It is a simple device to test whether a material is a conductor or insulator.
ü Filament: The thin wire that gives off light is called the filament of the bulb.
ü Dry cell: Dry cell is a source of electricity. It generates direct current (DC) due to chemical reaction that takes place inside it.
ü Bulb: An electric bulb is a device which glows and emits light, when electric current is passed through it.
ü Conductors: Materials that allow electric current to pass through them are called conductors.
ü Electric cell: Electric cell is a source of electricity.
ü Electric circuit: The complete path from one terminal of the electric cell through the bulb and back to other terminal of the electric cell is called an electric circuit.
ü Filament: In electric bulb, there is a thin tiny wire inside the glass cover. This is called filament.
ü Insulator: Materials that do not allow electric current to pass through them are called insulators.
ü Switch: Electric switch is a simple device that either breaks the circuit or completes it to stop or start the flow of current.
ü Terminal: All types of electric cells have two terminals, a positive terminal and a negative terminal.
10. Source Of Electric Current -
ü Most of the devices and machines we use like an electric iron, oven, room heater, refrigerator, ceiling fan or an electric bulb work when an electric current flows through them.
ü With help from an adult, look at what is inside a transparent electric bulb.
ü Among other things, you will see that it has a thin filament (a very thin metal wire). The filament heats up when an electric current is passed through it.
ü It heats up so much that it begins to glow and give out light. Now, we will learn what produces an electric current.
11. The Dry Cell -
A dry cell is a very convenient source of electric current. The dry cell, as its name suggests, contains dry or semi-solid ingredients.
ü The dry cell contains a paste of ammonium chloride inside a zinc container. Inside the paste, a cardboard container containing powdered manganese dioxide and carbon is placed.
ü The cardboard container has microscopic ‘holes’ in it (such materials are called porous materials) through which a chemical reaction takes place between ammonium chloride paste and powdered manganese dioxide.
ü A rod, usually carbon, with a metal cap is dipped into the manganese dioxide.
ü The whole thing is then sealed (with only the metal cap sticking out), so that the contents do not spill out.
ü The zinc can is also wrapped so that only the base is exposed. Every source of electric current has two ends or terminals where conducting wires are connected to draw electric current.
ü The tip of the metal cap and the base of the zinc can are called the positive and negative terminals of the dry cell, respectively.
ü Electric current can be thought of as ‘flowing in’ from one terminal and ‘flowing out’ from the other. If the tip of the metal cap and the base of the zinc can are connected by a metal wire, current will flow through it.
12. Flow Of Electric Current -
ü Three basic conditions are required for an electric current to flow.
ü A device used to produce an electric current like cell, battery, or a plug point acting as a source.
ü A wire made of a metal like copper, silver, or aluminium, which will allow electric current to flow through easily.
ü An unbroken loop (of the wire) running from one terminal of the source, through various appliances, back to the other terminal of the source.
13. Making a Simple Electric Circuit -
ü When we connect the terminals of a pencil cell (name given to the cell due to its shape) to a bulb using two wires, the bulb glows. This happens because we provide a path for the current to flow. A path for an electric current to flow is called an electric circuit.
ü In Figure 14.6(a), one wire from the pencil cell is connected to the torch bulb, while the other wire is not. The electric circuit is not complete here. In Figure 14.6(b), both the wires from the cell are connected to the torch bulb. The electric circuit is complete in this case. Electric current flows only if there is an unbroken path or closed circuit starting from one terminal of the source, through the torch bulb, to the other terminal of the source. Thus, the bulb glows in Figure 14.6(b) but not in Figure 14.6(a). The circuit in Figure 14.6(a) is not complete. Hence, current cannot flow through the circuit and the bulb does not glow. Such a circuit is called an open circuit. The circuit in Figure 14.6(b) is complete. Electric current flows through the circuit and, as a result, the bulb glows. Such a circuit is called a closed circuit.
ü Electric current flows in a particular direction. In an electric circuit, the electric current flows from the positive terminal to the negative terminal of the electric cell. Figure 14.7 shows the direction of flow of electric current in a circuit.
14. Electric Switch -
ü An electric switch is a device that is used to open or close an electric circuit. When we open an electric circuit, the flow of electric current in the circuit stops, and when we close an electric circuit, an electric current flows through it. In an electrical circuit, a switch is sometimes.
15. Electric Torch -
ü A schematic diagram of an electric torch is shown in figure. An electric torch has one or more dry cells inside it, which act as the ‘source’. These cells are connected through a switch to a small bulb. When the switch is pushed to the ‘on’ position, the circuit is complete and the bulb glows. When the switch is pushed to the ‘off’ position, the circuit is incomplete (broken). Now the current cannot flow through the circuit, and the light goes out.
16. Conductors And Insulators In Circuit -
ü A material that allows electric current to pass through it is called a conductor of electricity like the key and the safety pin [Figs. 14.11(b) and (d)]. A material that does not allow electric current to pass through it is called an insulator of electricity like the rubber band and the plastic pen [Figs. 14.11(a) and (c)].
ü All metals are conductors of electricity while some are better conductors than others. A few non-metals like graphite (pencil lead is made of graphite) are also conductors of electricity.
ü Examples of insulators are glass, wood, rubber, pure water, and dry air. Flowever, the smallest impurity in water (impurities are substances like salts, dissolved in water) makes it a conductor.
The handles of screwdrivers and testers used by electricians are usually made of wood or hard plastic. They also wear rubber gloves while repairing an electric switch to avoid electric shock.
17. Electrical Safety -
ü Electricity can be very dangerous, if you do not handle electrical devices carefully. One should never play with electrical wires and sockets. Electricity from cells is safe and you can experiment with it, but you have to be careful not to connect the two terminals of a cell directly through a wire/conductor. Electricity generated by portable generators is dangerous and should not be used for experiments.
NCERT PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Fill in the blanks :
(a) A device that is used to break an electric circuit is called _______________.
(b) An electric cell has _______________ terminals.
Ans.-(a) switch. (b) two
2. Mark ‘True’ or ‘False’ for following statements:
(a) Electric current can flow through metals.
(b) Instead of metal wires, a jute string can be used to make a circuit.
(c) Electric current can pass through a sheet of thermocol.
Ans.- True, False and False
3. Explain why the bulb would not glow in the arrangement shown in Fig. 12.13.
Ans. - Bulb would not glow in the arrangement because circuit is not complete due to presence of insulator in the center.
4. Complete the drawing shown in Fig 12.14 to indicate where the free ends of the two wires should be joined to make the bulb glow.
Ans. -
5. What is the purpose of using an electric switch? Name some electrical gadgets that have switches built into them.
Ans. - Purpose of electric switch is to complete or break the circuit. Electrical gadgets that have switches built into them are Fan, refrigerator, television, microwave oven, electric cookers.
6. Would the bulb glow after completing the circuit shown in Fig. 12.14 if instead of safety pin we use an eraser?
Ans. - No, the bulb will not glow as eraser is an insulator.
7. Would the bulb glow in the circuit shown in Fig. 12.15?
Ans. -No, the bulb will not glow.
8. Using the “conduction tester” on an object it was found that the bulb begins to glow. Is that object a conductor or an insulator? Explain.
Ans. - The object is a conductor because the bulb glows only when the conductor is used but not when the insulator is used.
9. Why should an electrician use rubber gloves while repairing an electric switch at your home? Explain.
Ans.- An electrician uses rubber gloves while repairing an electric switch at your home because rubber gloves are insulators. This protects him from avoiding electric shocks.
10. The handles of the tools like screwdrivers and pliers used by electricians for repair work usually have plastic or rubber covers on them. Can you explain why?
Ans. - Tools like screwdrivers and pliers used by electricians for repair work because plastic is an insulator and plastic handles protect the electrician from electric shocks.
Junior Science Topic - Electricity And Circuits. Chapter notes, video lectures, power point presentation and NCERT exercise solution. (Class 6, CBSE syllabus, chapter 12)
By - EduPorm India - The Educational Platform
.png)
){kind=link}