1. Environment -
ü Our surroundings that include all abiotic and biotic factors is called as environment.
ü Biotic Components- The living components of a environment are called biotic components. Example plants and animals.
ü Abiotic Components- The non-living components of a environment are called as abiotic components. Example soil, air, water etc.
2. Surroundings And Habitat -
ü Environment present around any living organism is its surroundings. The different surroundings have different organisms present. Example deserts have camels while mountains have yak.
ü The surrounding where living organisms survive is known as habitat.
ü The organisms depend on their habitat for their food, water, air, shelter and other needs.
ü Habitat means a home. Several kinds of plants and animals may share the same habitat.
ü The land is called as terrestrial habitat. The plants and animals that live on land are called as terrestrial plants and animals respectively Example forests, grasslands, deserts, coastal and mountain regions.
ü The water is called as aquatic habitat. The plants and animals those live in water are called aquatic plants and animals respectively. Example ponds, swamps, lakes, rivers and oceans.
ü Aquatic habitats are of two types viz. fresh water (river, pond) or marine (sea)
ü Estuarine is a type of aquatic habitat that is defined as place where delta of river meet with the sea.
3. Organisms
ü Any living thing is called as organism. An organism may range from microscopic to macroscopic. Example micro sized bacteria to large elephants.
ü Characteristics of Living Organisms
Ø Living beings are made of cells.
Ø Living beings obtain and use energy.
Ø Living beings grow and develop.
Ø Living beings reproduce.
Ø Living beings adapt to their environment
Ø Living beings respond to their environment or stimuli.
4. Nutrition -
ü The process by which animals obtain their food and utilize it for all the biological activities is called as nutrition.
ü Every organism requires nutrition for obtaining energy so that their body can perform functions like digestion, respiration etc.
5. Growth -
ü All living organisms grow in size as well as they exhibit growth in different ways too. The body is made up of cells. The body cells divide and by this the organism grows.
6. Respiration -
ü The process of inhalation of oxygen gas and removal or exhalation of carbon dioxide gas in humans is called as respiration.
ü In plants, exhalation of oxygen take place and carbon dioxide is inhaled.
ü Respiration is necessary for all living organisms.
ü It is through respiration that the body finally obtains energy from the food it takes.
ü Some animals may have different mechanisms for the exchange of gases, which is a part of the respiration process.
ü Example earthworms breathe through their skin and fish have gills for using oxygen dissolved in water.
7. Response to Stimulus-
ü Changes in our surroundings that makes us respond to them are called stimuli. They can be physical, chemical or biological changes in nature.
ü All living beings react to changes in their surroundings.
ü Example when we touch a hot surface we immediately take back our hand to protect our self.
8. Excretion -
ü All living things consume food.
ü Not all the food that organism eats is really used. But only a part of it is utilized by the body.
ü Unused food becomes waste and needs to be excreted.
ü Our body also produces some liquid waste like urea (urine) in other life processes.
ü Living organisms discharge of all this waste material by the process is known as excretion.
9. Movement -
ü Animals goes from one place to another and also show body movements.
ü Plants are non mobile. Their roots are dwell deep in the soil so they do not move from one place to another.
ü Some plants also show other kinds of movement like the opening and closing of leaves or flower buds.
10. Reproduction-
ü All living organisms give rise to a new organism of their own kind and this process is called reproduction.
ü The mode of reproduction may be different, in different animals and plants.
ü Some animals produce their young ones through eggs.
ü While some animals give birth to the young ones directly.
ü Plants produce seeds which germinate into new plants.
ü Some plants also reproduce through parts other than seeds. Example a part of a potato with a bud grows into a new plant by process called vegetative reproduction.
11. Adaptation -
ü The presence of specific features or certain habits which develop based on surroundings and habitats to enable a plant or an animal to survive is called adaptation.
ü Different animals are adapted to their surroundings in different ways.
ü Example Fish have slippery scales on their bodies. These scales protect the fish and also help in easy movement through water.
NCERT PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. What is a habitat?
Ans. - The place where organisms live nad called their home is called habitat. Habitat means a dwelling place (a home). The habitat provides food, water, air, shelter and other needs to organisms.
2. How are cactus adapted to survive in a desert?
Ans. - Adaptation of cactus are as follows -
Roots of cactus are deeply rooted inside soil to absorb water
A thick waxy layer surrounds leaf to retain water
Leaf is replaced by spine to reduce transpiration
Stems carry out photosynthesis
3. Fill up the blanks
(a) The presence of specific features, which enable a plant or an animal to live in a particular habitat, is called ————.
(b) The habitats of the plants and animals that live on land are called ———— habitat.
(c) The habitats of plants and animals that live in water are called ————habitat.
(d) Soil, water and air are the ———— factors of a habitat.
(e) Changes in our surroundings that make us respond to them, are called ———— .
Ans.- (a) adaptation (b) terrestrial (c) aquatic (d) abiotic (e) stimuli
4. Which of the things in the following list are nonliving?
Plough, Mushroom, Sewing machine, Radio, Boat, Water hyacinth, Earthworm
Ans.- Plough, sewing machine, Radio and Boat are nonliving things
5. Give an example of a non-living thing, which shows any two characteristics of living things.
Ans.- Motor vehicle - It can move like living beings and it needs oxygen
6. Which of the non-living things listed below, were once part of a living thing?
Butter, Leather, Soil, Wool, Electric bulb, Cooking oil, Salt, Apple, Rubber
Ans.- Butter, Leather, Wool, Cooking oil, Apple and rubber were once part of a living thing.
7. List the common characteristics of the living things.
Ans. - Common characteristics of living things are -
i) Respiration ii) Food intake iii) Response to stimuli iv) Excretion v) Movement vi) Reproduction
8. Explain, why speed is important for survival in the grasslands for animals that live there. (Hint: There are few trees or places for animals to hide in grasslands habitats.)
Ans. - Speed is very important for survival in the grasslands for animals to avoid predation from their predators. For example lion eats deer, to survive deer has to run faster than the lion.
Junior Science Topic - Living Organism, Their Characteristics And Habitat. Chapter notes, video lectures, power point presentation and NCERT exercise solution. (Class 6, CBSE syllabus, chapter 09)
By - EduPorm India - The Educational Platform
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