1. Need Of a Transportation System-
ü We know that all living organisms like plants and animals need food, oxygen and water so that they can survive.
ü These elements need to be delivered to their body parts so that they can function properly.
ü Hence, all living organisms need a transport system in their bodies to transport essential requirements.
2. Human Circulatory System
Figure 01- Human circulatory system
ü The circulatory system is a transport system of the human body which consists of a network that supplies food, water, oxygen and other substances throughout the body.
ü The main parts of the circulatory system are-
n Blood
n Blood Vessels
n Heart
(a) Blood - Blood is a red colour fluid that flows in our body through the blood vessels.
ü Functions of blood-
n The blood acts as the medium of transportation of essential substances throughout our bodies such as oxygen and nutrients. Blood carries oxygen from the lungs and transports it to different cells of the body.
n The blood also carries waste material to the kidneys which then filters the blood. The small intestine digests the food and absorbs its nutrients. These nutrients are provided to all the parts of the body through blood.
n The blood also protects the body from losing blood by forming a blood clot at the place of injury.
n The blood contains a special substance that helps in regulating the temperature of the body.
ü Components of blood - Blood can perform several functions because of different substances present in it.
n Blood plasma – the liquid substance present in the blood is called blood plasma. Almost 55% of the blood is blood plasma. The plasma facilitates the transportation of different substances throughout the body. The blood plasma is made up of water, salt, fats, proteins and sugar.
n Red blood cells (Erythrocytes) – They are present in ample amount in the blood (40% to 45%). They are red in colour because they contain a special pigment called haemoglobin. The oxygen we take in binds itself with the haemoglobin and hence reaches every cell of the body through the blood.
n White blood cells (Leukocytes) – They are present in fewer amounts (almost 1%) but perform a vital function in the body. These cells fight against the germs present in the body.
n Blood platelets – These are the cells that help in the formation of a blood clot and prevent the blood from flowing out of the body due to an injury.
Figure 02- Components of blood
(b) Blood Vessels - Our body contains tube-like structures called the blood vessels that help in the transportation of blood throughout our body. Our body contains two types of blood vessels based on the function that they perform-
Arteries | Veins |
These blood vessels carry blood from the heart that contains oxygen into different parts of the body. | These blood vessels carry blood that is rich in Carbon dioxide from the body organs to the heart. |
Arteries have thick walls as the blood pressure is quite high in these blood vessels. | Veins do not have thick walls as the blood pressure is quite low in them. |
They are narrow so that the blood can flow quickly through them. | They are slightly wider than the arteries. |
They do not contain valves as the blood in arteries always flows in the right direction due to the pumping of the heart. | They contain valves that prevent blood from flowing in opposite direction. |
NOTE: Pulse - We know that the heart pumps the blood in the arteries. This continuous pumping of blood in the arteries results in their rhythmic throbbing which is called Pulse. Pulse rate is defined as the number of pulse beats per minute. The normal pulse rate of human beings is 70 to 80 beats per minute.
Figure 03- Checking the pulse rate
ü Pulmonary Artery - The pulmonary artery is a special blood vessel that connects the heart to the lungs. It takes blood that contains less oxygen (deoxygenated blood) from the heart to the lungs. Hence, it is unlike all other arteries that carry oxygen-rich blood.
ü Pulmonary Vein - The Pulmonary vein is a special blood vessel that connects the lungs and the heart. It carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart. Hence, it is unlike all other veins that carry oxygen-less blood.
ü Capillaries- Small blood vessels are called capillaries. The arteries divide themselves into capillaries which then deliver oxygenated blood to the tissues in the body. Then these capillaries take up the deoxygenated blood from the tissues to the veins.
Figure 04- How blood circulates
3. The Heart
ü The heart is an organ present in our body that pumps the blood in the blood vessels.
ü It is located in the chest cavity.
ü Its lower part is a little tilted towards the left.
ü The heart is divided into four chambers with prevents the oxygen-rich blood from mixing with carbon dioxide-rich blood.
ü The Atria or upper chambers contain the blood with no oxygen.
ü The Ventricles or the lower chamber of the heart contains oxygen-rich blood.
ü The Atria and Ventricles both are individually divided within themselves into two chambers with the help up of valves.
ü From the left ventricle, the biggest artery of our body called aorta begins.
ü The right Atrium of the body receives deoxygenated blood from the body through a vein called Vena cava. Vena cava is the largest vein of our body.
Figure 05- Heart
Flow Chart 01- Flow of Blood in Human Body
5. Heartbeat -
ü The muscles of the heart relax and contract continuously as it pumps the blood in the arteries. This rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart is called a heartbeat.
ü The stethoscope is an instrument that is used to listen to the Heartbeat of a person. It amplifies the Heartbeat so that the doctors can monitor it and find out about the patient's condition.
ü It contains two earpieces, a tube that connects them to a chest piece comprising of a sensitive diaphragm.
Figure 06- Stethoscope
6. Circulatory System In Animals-
ü Animals like Hydra and Sponges do not possess a circulatory system.
ü These animals live in water and hence get food and oxygen from the water as it enters their bodies.
ü As the water comes out of their bodies, it takes away the carbon dioxide and waste materials out of it.
7. Excretion in Animals-
ü The cells in animals release some waste products as they perform different functions.
ü These waste products are toxic and hence they must be removed from the bodies of the living organisms.
ü The process of removal of waste products produced in the cells of the living organisms is called Excretion.
8. Excretory System in Human Beings-
Figure 07- The Excretory System
The excretory system is a system of organs in living organisms that undergo excretion. The excretory system consists of different organs:
ü Kidneys – there are two organs called Kidneys present in our body. These Kidneys contain blood capillaries that filter out the unwanted substances from the blood in the form of urine.
ü Urinary bladder – The urine produced by the Kidneys is stored in a bladder called urinary bladder.
ü Ureters – There are two tube-like structures which connect the Kidneys and the urinary bladder together. They allow passage of urine from the kidney to the bladder.
ü Urethra – There is a muscular tube through which the urine moves out of the body.
9. Different Organisms Excrete Different Wastes:
ü The major excretory product in humans is urea. The urine consists of toxic wastes (2.5%), urea (2.5%) and water (95%).
ü The way in which waste chemicals are removed from the body of the animal depends on the availability of water. Fishes and aquatic animals excrete ammonia in the water.
ü Birds, Snakes and lizards excrete semi-solid, white coloured uric acid.
ü Dialysis – Sometimes people use artificial Kidneys, that is, they get the blood purified artificially periodically. It is called dialysis. They have to do so in a case of Kidney failure in which the Kidneys of a person are unable to perform their function due to an infection or an injury.
10. How Is Sweat Useful To Us?
ü Sweat contains water and some salts and hence help in getting rid of toxic wastes from the body.
ü Also, as the sweat evaporates from our skin, it takes up our body heat and this makes us feel cool, especially during the summer days.
11. Transportation In Plants
(a) Abortion By Roots-
ü The roots of the plants absorb the essential minerals and water from the soil.
ü The roots have hair like structures present on them.
ü These hairs increase the surface area of the roots and hence allow more amount of absorption.
Figure 08- Absorption by roots
ü From the roots, the water and minerals are transported to other parts of the plant through special kind of tissues called vascular tissues. There are two vascular tissues present in the plants:
(b) Xylem – It is a vascular tissue that is responsible for transporting nutrients and water in the plants. The root cells absorb water and minerals and transport it to xylem. Xylem carries it to other parts unidirectionally without usage of energy.
(c) Phloem – It is a vascular tissue that transports the food produced by the leaves (source) to all parts of the plant (sink) . This flow is bidirectional and utilizes energy. This is known as translocation.
Figure 09- Transportation by Xylem and Phloem
12. Transpiration-
ü Sometimes not all the water that plants absorb is used by them.
ü Hence they need to get rid of the excess water in them.
ü This loss of water in plants takes place through the process of transpiration in which the water evaporates in the atmosphere through the stomata present on the leaves.
ü Stomata are tiny pores present on the leaves that allow the movement of gases and water through them.
ü Transpiration results in absorption of water- As the water from the leaves evaporates, it generates a suction pull in the plants that bring the water from the roots upwards.
ü Transpiration helps in cooling down the plants- As the water evaporates, it utilizes the heat of the pant and results in cooling of the internal temperature of the plant.
Figure 10- Transpiration
Figure 11- Removal of Water through Stomata
NCERT PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Match structures given in Column I with functions given in Column II.
Ans.-
Column- I | Column-II |
(i) Stomata | (b) Transpiration |
(ii) Xylem | (d) Transport of water |
(iii) Root hairs | (a) Absorption of water |
(iv) Phloem | (c) Transport of food |
2. Fill in the blanks.
(i) The blood from the heart is transported to all parts of the body by the .
(ii) Haemoglobin is present in cells.
(iii) Arteries and veins are joined by a network of .
(iv) The rhythmic expansion and contraction of the heart is called .
(v) The main excretory product in human beings is .
(vi) Sweat contains water and .
(vii) Kidneys eliminate the waste materials in the liquid form called .
(viii) Water reaches great heights in the trees because of suction pull caused by .
Ans.-
(i) The blood from the heart is transported to all parts of the body by the arteries .
(ii) Haemoglobin is present in red blood cells.
(iii) Arteries and veins are joined by a network of capillaries.
(iv) The rhythmic expansion and contraction of the heart is called heartbeat.
(v) The main excretory product in human beings is urea .
(vi) Sweat contains water and salts .
(vii) Kidneys eliminate the waste materials in the liquid form called urine .
(viii) Water reaches great heights in the trees because of suction pull caused by transpiration .
3. Choose the correct option:
(a) In plants, water is transported through
(i) xylem (ii) phloem (iii) stomata (iv) root hair
(b) Water absorption through roots can be increased by keeping the plants
(i) in the shade (ii) in dim light (iii) under the fan (iv) covered with a polythene bag
Ans.- a) i) Xylem iii) under the fan
4. Why is transport of materials necessary in a plant or in an animal? Explain.
Ans.- (a) To transport food to various parts of the body. (b) Animals need to transport wastes to parts from where they can be removed.
5. What will happen if there are no platelets in the blood?
Ans.- If there are no platelets, then blood will not clot as platelets release blood clotting factor at the site of injury.
6. What are stomata? Give two functions of stomata.
Ans,- Tiny pores present on the leaf surface are known as stomata
Functions of stomata - (a) Helps in exchange of gases (b) Evaporation of water through leaves occurs due to stomata.
7. Does transpiration serve any useful function in the plants? Explain.
Ans.- (a) Helps in lowering temperature of plants, thus preventing heat injury of plants. (b) Helps in transpiration pull, which helps in raining water in higher plants. (c) It also causes loss of water absorbed by plants.
8. What are the components of blood?
Ans.- Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma.
9. Why is blood needed by all the parts of a body?
Ans.- (a) For the transport of oxygen to all parts of our body. (b) To expel out carbon dioxide from our body. (c) To transmit heat thus helping in the regulation of body temperature. (d) It is required to fight out infections and diseases.
10. What makes the blood look red?
Ans.- Haemoglobin, a red pigment present in the blood makes it look red.
11. Describe the function of the heart.
Ans.- The heart is an organ which beats continuously to act as a pump for the transport of blood, which carries other substances with it. The heart has four chambers. The two upper chambers are called the atria (singular: atrium), and the two lower chambers are called the ventricles. The partition between the chambers helps to avoid mixing up of blood-rich in oxygen with the blood-rich in carbon dioxide. Blood flows from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart from where it is pumped to the rest of the body.
12. Why is it necessary to excrete waste products?
Ans.- When our cells perform their functions, certain waste products are released. These are toxic and hence need to be removed from the body.
13. Draw a diagram of the human excretory system and label the various parts.
Ans.-
By - EduPorm India - The Educational Platform
.png)
){kind=link}